Meanwhile, 34 hyper-variable markers were also located by the five Tordyliinae chloroplast genomes, and 11 of them were screened for population genetics of T. Analyses on DNA polymorphism located 29 candidate cp DNA barcodes for the authentication of 'Danggui' counterfeits. We observed duplications of trnH and psbA caused by exceptional contractions and expansions of the IR regions when comparing the four chloroplast genomes with previously published data. transilliensis, were 142,261 bp, 141,985 bp, 142,714 bp and 142,145 bp in length, respectively, indicating conservative genome structures and gene categories. Phylogeny was inferred by MEGA 7.0 and PhyML 3.0. DNA polymorphism and segment screening were processed by DNAsp5, and PCR product was sequenced with Sanger's sequencing method. Repeat motifs were searched using MISA and REPuter. Pseudogenes, inverted repeats (IRs) and hyper-variable regions were located by Geneious 11.1.5. candicans from two populations, Tetrataenium yunnanense and Semenovia transilliensis, were assembled from two pipelines using data generated from next generation sequencing (NGS). However, a lack of sufficient sampling and genomic information has impeded species identification and the protection of wild resources. Alongside several Tordyliinae species with fleshy roots, it is also regarded as a substitute for a Chinese material medicine called 'Danggui'. Tetrataenium candicans is a traditional Chinese folk herbal medicine used in the treatment of asthma and rheumatic arthritis.
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